Ntchito Yogwirizana ya Oteteza Opaleshoni, Ophwanya Ma Circuit ndi Ma Fuse mu Kachitidwe ka Photovoltaic: Kusanthula Kwantchito ndi Kukambirana Kofunikira

Chiyambi

Chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa makampani opanga magetsi a dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi, chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa makina opangira magetsi a dzuwa kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'makampani. Makina opangira magetsi a dzuwa amakhala panja kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amakhala pachiwopsezo cha zoopsa monga kugunda kwa mphezi, kusinthasintha kwa ma gridi amagetsi, komanso kulephera kwa zida, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zida kapena moto. Zoteteza ma surge (SPDs), ma circuit breakers, ndi ma fuse ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zotetezera zomwe chilichonse chimagwira ntchito zake ndikugwirizana kuti zitsimikizire kuti makinawo akugwira ntchito bwino. Nkhaniyi isanthula mozama ntchito zawo, njira zogwirizanitsa, komanso kufunikira kopereka malangizo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito makampani.

I. "Wakupha Wosaoneka" Woyang'anizana ndi Ma Photovoltaic Systems

Malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic ali ngati "ankhondo achitsulo" omwe amagwira ntchito panja, nthawi zonse akupirira mayeso osiyanasiyana ovuta.

1.1 Mavuto a kugunda kwa mphezi:

Makamaka, ku Middle East ndi Southeast Asia, nyengo imodzi yamkuntho imatha kulepheretsa machitidwe omwe alibe chitetezo.
1.2 Kusinthasintha kwa gridi yamagetsi:
Mu projekiti ya ku Chile yomwe ndinali kuyang'anira, zida zingapo zinatha chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa magetsi a gridi.

1.3 Chiwopsezo cha kufupika kwa magetsi:
Chaka chatha, pulojekiti ku Germany idakumana ndi vuto la kusokonekera kwa magetsi chifukwa cha zingwe zakale, zomwe zidatsala pang'ono kuyambitsa moto.

Zoopsa izi sizokokomeza. Malinga ndi International Photovoltaic Safety Alliance, kulephera kwa makina a photovoltaic opitilira 60% kumachitika chifukwa cha chitetezo chamagetsi chosakwanira.

II. Ntchito Zazikulu za Zipangizo Zoteteza Kuthamanga (SPD)

2.1 Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito
SPD imasuntha mphamvu ya transient overvoltage kupita pansi kudzera mu metal oxide varistors (MOV) kapena ma gas discharge tubes (GDT), zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi mkati mwa malo otetezeka. Mu makina a photovoltaic, ma SPD nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m'malo otsatirawa:
Mbali ya DC (pakati pa ma module ndi inverter): Kuteteza ku kukwera kwa magetsi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphezi.
Mbali ya AC (pakati pa inverter ndi gridi): Kuletsa overvoltage kuchokera kumbali ya gridi.

2.2 Magawo Ofunika
Voliyumu yogwira ntchito yopitilira (Uc): Iyenera kufanana ndi mulingo wa voltage wa dongosolo la photovoltaic (monga 1000V DC kapena 1500V DC).
Mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu (In/Iimp): Imawonetsa mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu ya mphezi, ndipo makina a photovoltaic nthawi zambiri amafunikira 20kA kapena kupitirira apo.
Mulingo woteteza magetsi (Kukwera): Umazindikira kukula kwa magetsi otsala ndipo uyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa mphamvu yopirira ya zida zotetezedwa.

2.3 Kufunikira
Pewani zipangizo zodula monga ma inverter ndi mabokosi ophatikiza kuti zisawonongeke ndi mafunde.
Tsatirani miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga IEC 6164331, UL 1449) ndi zofunikira zovomerezeka pa malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic.

Ⅲ. Ntchito ndi kusankha ma circuit breakers ndi ma fuse

3.1 Chothyola Dera
Ntchito:
•Chitetezo cha Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu: Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi ipitirira mtengo wokhazikitsidwa (monga nthawi 1.3 ya mphamvu yamagetsi yovomelezedwa), njira yoyendera kutentha imagwira ntchito.
•Chitetezo cha Dera Lalifupi: Njira yoyendera magetsi imadula mphamvu ya dera lafupi (monga 10kA) mkati mwa ma milliseconds.

• Makhalidwe Ogwiritsira Ntchito pa Photovoltaic:
Chotsukira ma circuit cha DC (monga DC 1000V/1500V) chiyenera kusankhidwa.
Mphamvu yothyola iyenera kufanana ndi mphamvu yafupikitsa ya dongosolo (nthawi zambiri ≥ 15kA).

3.2 Fuse
Ntchito:
Mwa kusungunula chinthu cha fuse, chimatha kusiyanitsa mwachangu dera lolakwika ndikuteteza nthambi yolumikizidwa ndi mndandanda.

Ubwino:
Liwiro la kuleka kulumikizana ndi lachangu (pa mulingo wa microsecond), loyenera zochitika zamphamvu zamagetsi zazifupi.
Ndi yaying'ono kukula kwake ndipo ndi yoyenera mabokosi onyamula magetsi okhala ndi malo ochepa.

3.3 Mgwirizano ndi SPD

SPD ili ndi udindo woteteza magetsi, pomwe zotchingira ma circuit breakers/fuse protectors zili ndi udindo woteteza magetsi.
Ngati SPD yalephera chifukwa cha kusweka kwa mafunde, ma circuit breaker kapena ma fuse protectors amatha kudula nthawi yomweyo circuit yolakwika kuti apewe moto.

Ⅳ. Kafukufuku wa njira yodzitetezera ya magawo ambiri

Tengani siteshoni yamagetsi ya photovoltaic ya 1MW mwachitsanzo:
4.1 Chitetezo kumbali ya DC
Nthambi za mndandanda wa zigawo: Ikani ma fuse (monga mtundu wa 10A gPV) pa mndandanda uliwonse.
Kulowa kwa bokosi lophatikiza: Ikani Mtundu II SPD (Kukwera ≤ 1.5kV) ndi chotsegula ma circuit cha DC (63A).

4.2 Chitetezo kumbali ya AC
Mapeto a inverter: Konzani Mtundu 1+2 SPD (Iimp ≥ 12.5kA) ndi choswerera cha circuit cha molded case (250A).

4.3 Kuyerekezera kwa vuto
Pamene mphezi yagunda: SPD imatulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi yokwera ndipo imatseka mphamvu yamagetsi yochepera 2kV; ngati SPD yalephera chifukwa cha short circuit, circuit breaker imagwa.
Ngati pali mzere wochepa wa mzere: Fuse imasungunuka mkati mwa 5ms kuti isafalikire chifukwa cha kutentha.

Ⅴ. Malangizo oti musankhe ndi kukhazikitsa

5.1 Kusankha SPD
Kumbali ya DC, SPD yeniyeni ya photovoltaic (monga PVSPD) iyenera kusankhidwa kuti ipewe vuto la reverse current la AC SPD wamba.
Mphepete mwa kutentha iyenera kuganiziridwa (Uc iyenera kusiya mphepete mwa kutentha kwambiri).

5.2 Circuit Breaker/Kufananiza Fuse
Mphamvu yothyola iyenera kukhala yokwera kuposa mphamvu yayikulu yafupikitsa ya dongosolo (monga mphamvu yolakwika ya chingwe ikhoza kufika 1.5kA).
Mphamvu yoyesedwa ya fuse iyenera kukhala yoposa nthawi 1.56 kuposa mphamvu yochepa ya gawo (Isc) (malinga ndi NEC 690.8).

5.3 Malangizo Ogwirizanitsa Machitidwe
Kutalika kwa waya pakati pa SPD ndi chopachikira mawaya kuyenera kukhala ≤ 0.5m kuti muchepetse mphamvu yotsalira yamagetsi.
Kuwunika pafupipafupi kwa zizindikiro za SPD kuyenera kuchitika, ndipo ma module omwe alephera ayenera kusinthidwa pakapita nthawi.

Ⅵ. Zochitika Zamakampani ndi Zosintha Zachizolowezi
•Kufunika kwa magetsi amphamvu kwambiri: Popeza makina a 1500V photovoltaic akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa magetsi amphamvu a SPDs ndi ma circuit breaker kumafunika kukulitsidwa mogwirizana.

•Kuyang'anira mwanzeru: Ma SPD anzeru omwe amaphatikiza masensa otenthetsera ndi ntchito zolumikizirana opanda zingwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono kuti apeze chenjezo loyambirira la zolakwika zakutali.

•Kulimbitsa kwabwinobwino: Mtundu watsopano wa IEC 625482023 wakhazikitsa zofunikira zogwirizanitsa zida zotetezera makina a photovoltaic.

Mapeto
Mu makina a photovoltaic, zoteteza ma surge, ma circuit breakers ndi ma fuse ndi njira yotetezera yogwirizana ya "voltage-current". Kusankha bwino ndi kukonza zinthuzi sikuti kungowonjezera moyo wa zida ndikuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza, komanso ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti malo opangira magetsi akugwira ntchito bwino. Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo, kuphatikiza ndi luntha la zida zotetezerazi kudzawonjezera kudalirika kwa makina a photovoltaic mtsogolo.