Momwe Mungasankhire Moyenera Chipangizo Choteteza Kuwonjezeka (SPD)

Momwe Mungasankhire Moyenera Chipangizo Choteteza Kuwonjezeka (SPD)

I. Zofunikira Zosankha Pakati

1. Sankhani Mtundu wa SPD Kutengera Mlingo Woteteza

• Kalasi I SPD (Mayeso a Mtundu 1): Imayikidwa pakhomo lalikulu logawa magetsi kuti ipirire kugunda kwa mphezi mwachindunji kapena mothandizidwa (kutulutsa mphamvu ≥12.5kA, 25kA ~ 100kA yolimbikitsidwa). Gwiritsani ntchito ma hybrid SPD (GDT + MOV kuphatikiza) opanda mphamvu yotsatizana komanso mphamvu yotsalira yotsika.
• Kalasi II SPD (Mayeso a Mtundu 2): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ogawa kapena m'zipinda za zida kuti achepetse kupitirira kwa mphamvu (kutulutsa mphamvu 20kA ~ 40kA). Ma MOV oletsa mphamvu zamagetsi okhala ndi mphamvu yotsalira ≤1.5kV ndi ofala.
• Gulu lachitatu la SPD (Mayeso a Mtundu 3): Limayikidwa pafupi ndi zida zolumikizira (monga ma seva, ma switch) kuti liteteze zida zobisika (kutulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi 10kA ~ 20kA), yokhala ndi voteji yotsalira ≤1.2kV.

2. Match System Parameters

• Volti Yogwira Ntchito Yopitirira (Uc): Iyenera kukhala ≥1.15 nthawi ya voti yeniyeni ya dongosolo (monga, sankhani Uc ≥440V ya dongosolo la 380V) kuti mupewe kuyambitsa zabodza chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa voti.
   
• Mlingo Woteteza Voltage (Kukwera): Gulu Loyamba SPD: Kukwera ≤2.5kV
  SPD ya Kalasi Yachiwiri: Kukwera ≤1.5kV
  Gulu lachitatu la SPD: Kukwera ≤1.2kV Onetsetsani kuti magetsi opirira a chipangizocho akukwera ≤80%.
     
• Nthawi Yoyankha:
  Gulu Loyamba la SPD: ≤25ns
  Gulu Lachiwiri la SPD: ≤25ns
  Gulu lachitatu la SPD: ≤1ns

3. Zofunikira pa nthaka ndi kukhazikitsa

• Kukana Kukhazikika: ≤4Ω (≤10Ω m'malo otetezedwa kwambiri ndi nthaka), ndi gawo lopingasa la chitsulo chopingasa ≥25mm².
• Malo Oyikira: Ikani patsogolo kuyandikira kwa zida zotetezedwa, kuchepetsa kutalika kwa lead (kutalika konse kwa lead ≤0.5m) kuti mupewe kuyika magetsi ambiri.

II. Mfundo Zofunika Kuziganizira
1. Kusankha Mtundu wa SPD

• Kusinthasintha kwa Voltage SPD (GDT): Mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu kwambiri (≥100kA) koma zoopsa zimadza chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa mphamvu ndi magetsi; yoyenera kuteteza Class I yokha.
• Kuchepetsa Mphamvu ya Voltage SPD (MOV): Mphamvu yotsala yochepa koma imakonda kukalamba; imafuna kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse.
• Hybrid SPD: Imaphatikiza ubwino wa kusinthana ndi mitundu yochepetsera; imalimbikitsa machitidwe oteteza magawo ambiri.

2. Kugwirizanitsa Pakati pa Magawo

• Kutalikirana kochepa pakati pa ma SPD apamwamba ndi otsika: ≥10m (kusinthana + kuchepetsa) kapena ≥5m (kuchepetsa + kuchepetsa); apo ayi, ikani zida zolumikizira.
• Fomula yogwirizanitsa mphamvu: SPD yapamwamba imayamwa 80% ya mphamvu, SPD yotsika imayamwa 20%.

3. Chitetezo Chosunga Zinthu Zofunikira

• Zosokoneza ma circuit kapena ma fuse olumikizidwa ndi mndandanda (omwe ali ndi current yovomerezeka ≥1.5 nthawi ya SPD continuous current) kuti apewe kukwera kwa short-circuit.
• Sankhani ma SPD okhala ndi zizindikiro zowononga kuti muchepetse zokha komanso kuti muchepetse mphamvu mukalephera.

4. Zofunikira Zapadera pa Zochitika

• Dongosolo la TN-C: Gwiritsani ntchito njira ya 3+NPE kapena 3P+N kuti mupewe zoopsa zobwezeretsanso mzere wa PEN.
• TT System: Ikani SPD pakati pa mizere ya N ndi PE kuti mupewe kubwereranso kwa kusiyana komwe kungachitike.

III. Kuyesa Kutsimikizira Kapangidwe
1. Mayeso a Kuthamanga kwa Mphezi: Tsimikizani kuti SPD imatha kupirira mphamvu ya mafunde pansi pa 10/350μs (Kalasi I) kapena mphamvu yotsalira pansi pa 8/20μs (Kalasi II/III).
2. Mayeso Okhazikika pa Kutentha: Kuyenda kwa mphamvu kosalekeza kwa maola awiri (50% ya Imax), kuyang'ana kukwera kwa kutentha ≤60K.
3. Kuwunika Kuwonongeka: Gwiritsani ntchito masensa omangidwa mkati kuti muwone mphamvu yotuluka (mtengo wabwinobwino

IV. Zolakwa ndi Mayankho Ofala  

Cholakwika 1: Kunyalanyaza mtundu wa nthaka ya dongosolo, zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa SPD.
Yankho: Pa makina a TN, sankhani 3P+N; pa makina a TT, sankhani 3P+PE; pa makina a IT, sankhani 3P.
Cholakwika chachiwiri: Kusakwanira kwa malo a SPD, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokonezana pakati pa magawo.
Yankho: Sungani ≥10m pakati pa ma SPD apamwamba/otsika kapena ikani ma dracoupling inductors (≥1mH).
Cholakwika 3: Kunyalanyaza chitetezo chowonjezera, kuopseza moto pambuyo pa kufupika kwa SPD.
Yankho: Ma fuse olumikizidwa ndi mndandanda (omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi ≥1.5 nthawi ya SPD continuous current).

Chidule  
Kusankha SPD kumafuna kuwunika kwathunthu kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ya dongosolo, chiopsezo cha mphezi, mphamvu yolimbana ndi zida, ndi malo oyika. Ma SPD a Gulu I amaika patsogolo mphamvu yotulutsa, pomwe Gulu II/III limayang'ana kwambiri kuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi yotsalira. Ma SPD a chizindikiro ayenera kufanana ndi mitundu ya mawonekedwe. Kuyang'anitsitsa pafupipafupi (monga mphamvu yotuluka, kukalamba) kumatsimikizira kuti chitetezo chimagwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali.