1. Zamakono udindo makampani opanga mphamvu ya dzuwa (photovoltaic)

1.1 Kukula Mwachangu kwa Msika Wapadziko Lonse wa Photovoltaic

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic padziko lonse lapansi akukula kwambiri. Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku International Energy Agency (IEA), mu 2023, mphamvu yatsopano yopangidwa ndi photovoltaic padziko lonse lapansi inapitirira 350 GW, ndipo mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa inapitirira 1.5 TW. Mayiko ndi madera monga China, United States, Europe, ndi India akhala akuyendetsa msika wa magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic.

- China: Monga msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse wamagetsi a dzuwa, China idawonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi a dzuwa yoposa 200 GW mu 2023, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yoposa 57% ya mphamvu yatsopano padziko lonse lapansi. Thandizo la mfundo za boma, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zikuyendetsa chitukuko cha makampani opanga magetsi a dzuwa ku China.

- Europe: Atakhudzidwa ndi mkangano wa Russia ndi Ukraine, Europe inafulumizitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu zake. Mu 2023, mphamvu yatsopano ya dzuwa yokhazikika inapitirira 60 GW, ndipo kukula kwakukulu m'maiko monga Germany, Spain, ndi Netherlands.

- United States: Molimbikitsidwa ndi Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), msika wamagetsi a dzuwa ku US unapitiliza kukula, ndi mphamvu zatsopano zoyikidwa pafupifupi 40 GW mu 2023.

- India: Boma la India likulimbikitsa mwamphamvu chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Mu 2023, mphamvu yatsopano yoyika ya solar photovoltaic inapitirira 20 GW, ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa 500 GW pofika chaka cha 2030.

1.2Kupita patsogolo kosalekeza muukadaulo wa photovoltaic

Kupanga zinthu zatsopano kosalekeza muukadaulo wa photovoltaic kwapangitsa kuti ntchito iyende bwino komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira mphamvu ya dzuwa:

- Maukadaulo a batri ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri monga PERC, TOPCon, ndi HJT: Maselo a PERC (Passivated Emitter ndi Rear Contact) akadali otchuka, koma ukadaulo wa TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) ndi HJT (Heterojunction) pang'onopang'ono ukukulitsa gawo lawo pamsika chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zosinthira (>24%).

- Maselo a dzuwa a Perovskite: Monga ukadaulo wotsatira wa photovoltaic, maselo a perovskite apeza mphamvu zogwirira ntchito m'ma laboratories opitilira 33% ndipo akuyembekezeka kukhala opindulitsa pamalonda mtsogolo.

- Ma module a Bifacial ndi ma tracking mounts: Ma module a Bifacial amatha kuwonjezera kupanga magetsi ndi 10% mpaka 20%, pomwe ma tracking mounts amatha kukonza ngodya ya kuwala kwa dzuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina azigwira bwino ntchito.

1.3The Mtengo wa magetsi opangira photovoltaic ukupitirira kutsika

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, mtengo wamagetsi opangira magetsi a photovoltaic watsika ndi zoposa 80%. Malinga ndi IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), mtengo wamagetsi wapadziko lonse lapansi (LCOE) wamagetsi a photovoltaic mu 2023 watsika kufika pa 0.03 - 0.05 US dollars pa kWh, wotsika kuposa wamagetsi opangira malasha ndi gasi wachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamagetsi opikisana kwambiri.

1.4 Kukonza bwino malo osungira mphamvu ndi photovoltaic

Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya photovoltaic yomwe imapanga nthawi ndi nthawi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosungira mphamvu (monga mabatire a lithiamu, mabatire a sodium-ion, mabatire oyenda, ndi zina zotero) kwakhala chizolowezi. Mu 2023, mphamvu yatsopano yoyika mapulojekiti osungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi ya photovoltaic pamodzi ndi mphamvu inapitirira 30 GW, ndipo ikuyembekezeka kukhalabe ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kukula m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi.

2. The kufunika ya makampani opanga ma photovoltaic

2.1 Kuthana ndi nyengo kusintha ndikulimbikitsa zolinga zosagwirizana ndi mpweya woipa

Mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akufulumizitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu zawo kuti achepetse mpweya woipa womwe umatulutsa mpweya woipa. Mphamvu ya dzuwa, monga gawo lalikulu la mphamvu yoyera, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukwaniritsa cholinga cha "kusalowerera ndale kwa mpweya". Malinga ndi Pangano la Paris, pofika chaka cha 2030, gawo la padziko lonse la mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso liyenera kufika pa 40%, ndipo mphamvu ya dzuwa idzakhala imodzi mwa magwero akuluakulu a mphamvu.

2.2 Chitetezo cha mphamvu ndi kudziyimira pawokha

Magwero a mphamvu zachikhalidwe (monga mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe) amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndale za dziko, pomwe mphamvu za dzuwa zimafalikira kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuchepetsa kudalira mphamvu zochokera kunja. Mwachitsanzo, Europe yachepetsa kufunikira kwa gasi wachilengedwe ku Russia mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi a photovoltaic, motero ikuwonjezera kudziyimira pawokha kwa mphamvu.

2.3 Kulimbikitsa kukula kwa chuma ndi ntchito

Unyolo wa makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic umaphatikizapo maulalo angapo monga zinthu za silicon, ma silicon wafers, mabatire, ma module, ma inverter, ma brackets, ndi malo osungira mphamvu, zomwe zapanga ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Antchito enieni mumakampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic ku China akuposa 3 miliyoni, ndipo mafakitale opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic ku Europe ndi United States nawonso akukulirakulira mofulumira.

2.4 Kupereka magetsi kumidzi ndi kuchepetsa umphawi

M'mayiko osauka, ma photovoltaic microgrids ndi ma solar system apakhomo amapereka magetsi kumadera akutali ndikukweza moyo wa okhalamo. Mwachitsanzo, "Solar Home Systems" ku Africa yathandiza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuthawa vuto losowa magetsi.

3.Kufunika kwa chipangizo choteteza ma surge (SPD) mu photovoltaic system

3.1 Kugunda kwa mphezi ndi zoopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ma photovoltaic systems

Malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m'malo otseguka (monga zipululu, padenga, ndi m'mapiri), ndipo amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kugunda kwa mphezi ndi kugundana ndi magetsi ochulukirapo. Zoopsa zazikulu ndi izi:

- Kugunda kwa mphezi mwachindunji: Kugunda mwachindunji pa ma module a photovoltaic kapena zothandizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zida ziwonongeke.

- Mphezi yoyambitsidwa: Mpweya wamagetsi wochokera ku mphezi umayambitsa ma voltage ambiri mu zingwe, zomwe zimawononga zida zamagetsi monga ma inverter ndi owongolera.

- Kusintha kwa gridi: Ma overvoltage ogwirira ntchito kumbali ya gridi (monga zochita zosinthira, zolakwika za short-circuit) zitha kutumizidwa ku dongosolo la photovoltaic.

3.2 Ntchito ya Chipangizo Choteteza Kuthamanga (SPD)

Zipangizo zoteteza mafunde ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zotetezera mphezi ndi mafunde amphamvu kwambiri m'makina a photovoltaic. Ntchito zawo zazikulu ndi izi:

- Kuchepetsa ma voltage opitilira nthawi: Kulamulira ma voltage apamwamba omwe amapangidwa ndi kugunda kwa mphezi kapena kusinthasintha kwa gridi mkati mwa malo otetezeka.

- Kutulutsa mafunde amphamvu: Kutsogolera mafunde amphamvu mofulumira pansi kuti ateteze zida zotsika.

- Kulimbitsa kudalirika kwa makina: Kuchepetsa kulephera kwa zida ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mphezi kapena kukwera kwa magetsi.

3.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito SPD mu makina a photovoltaic

Chitetezo cha mafunde amagetsi a photovoltaic chiyenera kupangidwa m'magawo angapo:

- Chitetezo kumbali ya DC (kuchokera ku ma module a photovoltaic kupita ku inverter):

- Ikani mtundu wachiwiri wa SPD kumapeto kwa chingwe kuti mupewe mphezi yoyambitsidwa ndi overvoltage yogwira ntchito.

- Ikani mtundu wa I + II SPD kumapeto kwa DC input ya inverter kuti muthane ndi chiopsezo chophatikizana cha mphezi yolunjika ndi yoyambitsidwa.

- Chitetezo kumbali ya AC (kuchokera ku inverter kupita ku gridi):

- Ikani Mtundu Wachiwiri wa SPD kumapeto kwa inverter kuti mupewe kulowerera kwa magetsi m'mbali mwa gridi.

- Ikani Type III SPD mu kabati yogawa kuti mupereke chitetezo cholondola pa zipangizo zobisika.

3.4 Mfundo zazikulu posankha zoteteza ma surge

- Kufananiza mulingo wa magetsi: Voltage yopitilira yogwira ntchito (Uc) yayikulu kwambiri ya SPD iyenera kukhala yokwera kuposa voltage ya system (mwachitsanzo, system ya photovoltaic ya 1000Vdc imafuna SPD yokhala ndi Uc ≥ 1200V).

- Mphamvu yamagetsi: Mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu (In) ya DC side SPD iyenera kukhala ≥ 20kA, ndipo mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu (Imax) iyenera kukhala ≥ 40kA.

- Mulingo wa chitetezo: Kukhazikitsa panja kuyenera kukwaniritsa chitetezo cha IP65 kapena chapamwamba, choyenera malo ovuta.

- Miyezo ya satifiketi: Yogwirizana ndi IEC 61643-31 (muyezo wa ma SPD enieni a photovoltaic) ndi UL 1449 ndi ziphaso zina zapadziko lonse lapansi.

3.5 Zoopsa zomwe zingachitike ngati simungayike SPD

- Kuwonongeka kwa zida: Zipangizo zamagetsi zolondola monga ma inverter ndi makina owunikira ali pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu ndipo ndalama zokonzera ndi zapamwamba.

- Kutayika kwa magetsi: Kugunda kwa mphezi kumapangitsa kuti makina azitsekedwa, zomwe zimakhudza phindu lopanga magetsi.

- Ngozi ya moto: Kuchuluka kwa magetsi kungayambitse moto wamagetsi, zomwe zingawopseze chitetezo cha malo opangira magetsi.

4. Padziko lonse lapansi Zochitika Zamsika wa PV Surge Protector

4.1 Kukula kwa Kufunika kwa Msika

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa mphamvu yokhazikitsa ma photovoltaic, msika wa zoteteza ma surge nawonso wakula nthawi imodzi. Akuyembekezeka kuti kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa photovoltaic SPD kudzapitirira madola mabiliyoni awiri aku US pofika chaka cha 2025, ndi kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa pachaka (CAGR) kwa 15%.

4.2 Malangizo a luso lamakono

- SPD Yanzeru: Yokhala ndi ntchito zowunikira zomwe zikuchitika komanso zochenjeza zolakwika, komanso yothandizira ntchito yakutali.

- Ma voltage okwera: Ma SPD okhala ndi ma voltage apamwamba (monga 1500V) akhala otchuka kwambiri.

- Moyo wautali: Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano zodziwikiratu (monga ukadaulo wa zinc oxide composite), kukulitsa kulimba kwa ma SPD.

4.3 Ndondomeko ndi Kukwezedwa Kwabwino

- Miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga IEC 62305 (Mwenje Woteteza) ndi IEC 61643-31 (Mwenje Woteteza) imalamula kuti makina a photovoltaic akhale ndi chitetezo cha mafunde.

- "Zofunikira Zaukadaulo Zoteteza Mphezi ku Malo Opangira Mphamvu a Photovoltaic" (GB/T 32512-2016) ku China zikufotokoza momveka bwino zofunikira pakusankha ndi kukhazikitsa SPD.

5.Kutsiliza: Makampani opanga ma photovoltaic sangathe kuchita popanda zoteteza ma surge

Kukula mwachangu kwa makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic kwawonjezera mphamvu zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kugunda kwa mphezi ndi zoopsa za magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic sizinganyalanyazidwe. Zoteteza magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic, monga chitsimikizo chachikulu cha magwiridwe antchito otetezeka a makina opangidwa ndi photovoltaic, zitha kuchepetsa bwino chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zida, kukonza bwino mphamvu zopangira magetsi, ndikuwonjezera moyo wa makinawo. M'tsogolomu, ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa makina opangidwa ndi photovoltaic komanso kupanga ma grid anzeru, ma SPD ogwira ntchito bwino komanso odalirika adzakhala zigawo zofunika kwambiri pa malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi photovoltaic.

Kwa osunga ndalama omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya photovoltaic, makampani a EPC ndi magulu ogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza, kusankha zoteteza mphamvu zamagetsi zapamwamba zomwe zikukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira kuti malo opangira magetsi akugwira ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuwonjezera phindu la ndalama zomwe zayikidwa.