Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi yopangidwa ndi photovoltaic inapitirira 350GW chaka chatha, ndipo China inapereka ndalama zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. Ukadaulo wobiriwira uwu womwe umasintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi wawona mtengo wake ukutsika ndi 80% m'zaka khumi, koma ukukumana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kugunda kwa mphezi - malo opangira magetsi ku Arizona, United States, omwe adataya $2 miliyoni chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mphezi. Zoteteza mafunde akhala "chopangira chopulumutsa moyo" cha malo opangira magetsi, kutsogolera ma volts zikwizikwi a magetsi pansi kudzera mu netiweki yoteteza ya magawo atatu. Akatswiri amakampani adanenanso kuti pamene magetsi amagetsi a photovoltaic akukwera kufika pa 1500V, zida zoteteza zikuyambitsa kusintha kwaukadaulo pazinthu za silicon carbide.

1.Dongosolo la photovoltaic: mphamvu yaikulu ya mphamvu yoyera

1.1 Kodi Dongosolo la Photovoltaic ndi chiyani?

Dongosolo la photovoltaic ndi chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mwachindunji mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Lili ndi zigawo zazikulu izi:

- Ma module a photovoltaic (ma solar panels): Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya photoelectric ya zinthu za semiconductor (monga monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, kapena mafilimu owonda) kuti apange mphamvu yolunjika.

- Ma Inverter: Sinthani mphamvu yolunjika kukhala mphamvu yosinthira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito panyumba kapena m'mafakitale.

- Makina oikira: Kuteteza ma module a photovoltaic ndikukonza ngodya yolandirira kuwala kwa dzuwa.

- Mabatire osungira (ngati mukufuna): Sungani magetsi ochulukirapo kuti muwongolere kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

- Machitidwe ogawa ndi kuyang'anira: Onetsetsani kuti magetsi akuyenda bwino komanso kuti akuyang'anira momwe ntchito ikuyendera nthawi yeniyeni.

Makina a Photovoltaic amatha kugawidwa m'magulu olumikizidwa ndi gridi (yolumikizidwa ndi gridi yamagetsi ya anthu onse) ndi mitundu yopanda gridi (magetsi odziyimira pawokha), ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padenga la nyumba, nyumba zamalonda ndi zamafakitale, malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu okhala pansi, ndi magetsi m'madera akutali.

1.2 Mkhalidwe wa Chitukuko cha Padziko Lonse cha Machitidwe a Photovoltaic

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, msika wapadziko lonse wa photovoltaic wawona kukula kwakukulu:

- Kukula kwa malo oyika: Mphamvu yatsopano yoyika padziko lonse lapansi idapitilira 350 GW mu 2023, ndipo China, Europe, ndi United States zinali misika itatu yapamwamba.

- Kuchepetsa mtengo: Mtengo wa ma module a photovoltaic watsika ndi 80% poyerekeza ndi zaka 10 zapitazo, ndipo m'madera ena, mtengo wofanana wa magetsi (LCOE) watsika pansi pa madola 0.03 aku US pa kWh.

- Kubwerezabwereza kwa ukadaulo: Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa maselo a TOPCon ndi HJT amtundu wa N kwapitirira 25%, ndipo kugwira ntchito bwino kwa ukadaulo wa perovskite m'ma laboratories kwapitirira 33%.

2. Udindo ndi kufunika kwa machitidwe a photovoltaic: kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu

2.1 Ubwino wa Zachilengedwe: Kuchepetsa Utsi wa Kaboni ndi Kuthana ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kupanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic sikuwononga konse panthawi yonseyi. Malo aliwonse opangira mphamvu ya photovoltaic ya 1MW amatha kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi matani 1,000 pachaka, zomwe zikufanana ndi kubzala mitengo 50,000. Malinga ndi ziwerengero kuchokera ku International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), kupanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic padziko lonse lapansi kwachepetsa mpweya wa carbon ndi matani oposa 1 biliyoni.

2.2 Ubwino Wachuma: Kuchepetsa Ndalama Zamagetsi ndi Kupanga Ntchito

- Kwa Mabanja ndi Mabizinesi: Kudzera mu chitsanzo cha "Kudzigwiritsa Ntchito + Mphamvu Yowonjezera pa Grid", ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusunga 30% mpaka 90% pa mabilu amagetsi.

- Ndondomeko Yadziko Lonse: Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 14 la China likupereka lingaliro lakuti gawo la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso popanga magetsi lifike pa 33% pofika chaka cha 2025, ndipo makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi dzuwa adzapanga ntchito zoposa 3 miliyoni.

2.3 Chitetezo cha Mphamvu: Kusiya Kudalira Mafuta a Zakale

Pambuyo pa mkangano wa Russia ndi Ukraine, Ulaya yafulumizitsa dongosolo lake la "kusunga mphamvu ya photovoltaic + photovoltaic". Mu 2023, mphamvu yatsopano yomwe idayikidwa idapitilira 60 GW, cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kudalira kwake gasi wachilengedwe.

2.4 Ubwino wa Anthu: Kuthetsa Vuto la Magetsi M'madera Opanda Mphamvu

M'madera akutali ku Africa, South Asia ndi madera ena, makina opangira magetsi akunja kwa gridi apereka magetsi kwa anthu opitilira 200 miliyoni, zomwe zathandiza kuti ntchito za boma monga zaumoyo ndi maphunziro ziyende bwino.

3. Ziwopsezo zosaoneka pamakina a photovoltaic: zoopsa za kukwera kwa mafunde sizinganyalanyazidwe

Ngakhale kuti makina a photovoltaic ali ndi ubwino waukulu, mawonekedwe awo akunja amawaika pangozi yaikulu ya kukwera kwa magetsi (kukwera kwa magetsi).

3.1 Magwero ndi Zoopsa za Kukwera kwa Magazi

• Kugunda kwa mphezi: Kugunda kwa mphezi mwachindunji kapena mphezi yoyambitsidwa kungapangitse ma voltage okwera nthawi yomweyo a ma volts zikwi makumi ambiri, zomwe zingawononge ma inverter, zigawo, kapena kuyambitsa moto.

• Kusintha kwa gridi: Kusinthasintha kwa ntchito, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa katundu, ndi zina zotero, kungayambitse mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo, kuwononga zida zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala zovuta.

• Ma arc a mbali ya DC: Mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC yambiri m'makina a photovoltaic (600V - 1500V) imapangitsa kuti ma arc opitilira azitha kuchitika mosavuta chifukwa cha ukalamba kapena kukhudzana kosayenera m'mizere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ngozi yayikulu.

Mlanduwu: Mu 2022, malo opangira magetsi a photovoltaic ku Arizona, USA, adawonongeka kwambiri ndi ma inverter ake chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mphezi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ndalama zokwana madola 2 miliyoni aku US zitayike mwachindunji.

3.2 Ntchito Yaikulu ya Zipangizo Zoteteza Kuthamanga (SPD)

Chipangizo choteteza mafunde (SPD) ndicho "choteteza" cha dongosolo la photovoltaic. Chimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa dongosolo kudzera mu njira zotsatirazi

3.2.1 Kutulutsidwa kwa Voltage Yaikulu

Imayendetsa kugunda kwa mphezi kapena mphamvu ya surge kupita pansi kuti ichepetse mphamvu yamagetsi mkati mwa malo otetezeka.

3.2.2 Chitetezo cha Magawo Ambiri

• Gawo 1 (kumapeto kwa photovoltaic array): Limayankha mphezi mwachindunji, ndi mphamvu yonyamula magetsi yoposa 20kA.

• Gawo 2 (kumapeto kwa inverter): Limaletsa kukwera kwa magetsi kotsala ndipo limateteza zida zofunika kwambiri.

• Gawo 3 (kumapeto kwa kugawa): Limapereka chitetezo cholondola kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya terminal.

3.2.3 Kuwunika Mwanzeru

Ma alamu a nthawi yeniyeni ndi machenjezo a nthawi yotsala, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza.

4. N’chifukwa chiyani muyenera kusankha choteteza chathu cha mafunde? — Chopangidwira makina a photovoltaic

Monga ogulitsa otsogola pa njira zodzitetezera ku ma surge mumakampani, zinthu zathu zili ndi zabwino zotsatirazi

4.1 Kusintha kwaukadaulo kwaukadaulo kuti kugwirizane ndi zofunikira za photovoltaic

- Kulekerera kwamphamvu kwa magetsi: Kumathandizira dongosolo la 1500V DC, lopitirira malire a 1000V a SPDs zachikhalidwe.

- Chitetezo cha DC arc: Chipangizo cholumikizira ma circuit breaker chomangidwa mkati, nthawi yoyankha

- Kukana kwamphamvu kwa nyengo: Mulingo woteteza IP65, womwe umagwira ntchito mkati mwa kutentha kwakukulu kuyambira -40℃ mpaka 85℃, woyenera malo ovuta monga zipululu ndi madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

4.2 Chitsimikizo cha Padziko Lonse ndi Chitsimikizo Chotsatira Malamulo

- Ndapeza ziphaso zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi monga TUV, UL, ndi IEC 61643-31, zomwe zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za EU CE, US NEC 690 ndi malamulo ena.

- Malipoti athunthu olondola zinthu za silicon, zomwe zimakwaniritsa mosavuta zofunikira zowunikira za US UFLPA.

4.3 Kupititsa patsogolo Ntchito Zopindulitsa Kuti Ziwongolere Kudziwa Bwino kwa Makasitomala

- Mayankho Opangidwa Mwamakonda: Pangani milingo yotetezera kutengera nyengo yakomweko ndi momwe gridi imagwirira ntchito (monga momwe zinthu zimakhalira bwino m'malo omwe mvula yamkuntho imagwa nthawi zambiri).

- Kuwunika Patali: Gawo la IoT losankha likhoza kuphatikizidwa mu nsanja yogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza ya photovoltaic kuti lipeze chenjezo loyambirira la zolakwika.

- Yankho Lachangu: Ziwiya zosungiramo zinthu zimasungidwa m'nyumba zosungiramo katundu zakunja, ndipo chithandizo chaukadaulo chidzaperekedwa mkati mwa maola 48.

Nkhani ya Makasitomala:

- Anapereka yankho lathunthu la SPD pa malo opangira magetsi a 300MW ku Saudi Arabia, popanda kugunda mphezi mkati mwa zaka zitatu.

- Ogulitsa magetsi okhala m'nyumba ku Germany atagula chipangizochi, kuchuluka kwa madandaulo a makasitomala kunachepa ndi 90%.

5. Kuyang'ana mtsogolo: Chitetezo cha PV ndi ma surge chikupitilira

Pamene ukadaulo wa photovoltaic ukupitilira kusintha kukhala ma voltage okwera (monga machitidwe a 2000V) ndi luntha lalikulu, zoteteza ma surge nazonso zidzakwezedwa nthawi imodzi:

- Luntha: AI imaneneratu zoopsa zogunda mphezi ndipo imasintha njira zodzitetezera zokha.

- Zatsopano pa zinthu: Zipangizo za Silicon Carbide (SiC) zimawonjezera liwiro la kuyankha komanso moyo wautali.

- Kuphatikiza dongosolo: Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi ma inverter ndi makina osungira mphamvu kuti apange netiweki yoteteza yolumikizidwa "yogwira ntchito + yopanda ntchito".

Mapeto

Sankhani chitetezo chodalirika kuti muteteze tsogolo la photovoltaics

Dongosolo la photovoltaic ndiye maziko a kusintha kwa mphamvu yobiriwira, ndipo choteteza mafunde ndicho "mzere woteteza wosawoneka" kuti ugwire ntchito bwino kwa nthawi yayitali. Tadzipereka kupatsa makasitomala apadziko lonse lapansi mayankho a SPD otsika mtengo komanso odalirika kwambiri, kuthandiza watt iliyonse yamagetsi oyera kufika komwe ikupita mosatekeseka.