Kusankha Zipangizo Zoteteza Kukwera kwa Machitidwe a PV - Kukhazikitsa kwa SPDs

1. Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza Kukhazikitsa kwa SPD

Kuchuluka kwa magetsi m'makina a photovoltaic (PV) padenga kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mphezi mwachindunji (pa nyumba kapena pafupi ndi zida za PV zomwe zili ndi LPS), mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku kusintha kwa magetsi okhudzana ndi mphezi, kapena kusintha kwa maukonde amagetsi a AC/DC. Kuti muwone kufunikira kwa chitetezo cha surge ndikupeza njira yoyenera yotetezera, mphamvu yamagetsi yolimbana ndi impulse (Uw) ya zida iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisonyezero. Pokhapokha ngati panenedwa mwanjira ina ndi kuwunika zoopsa, ma SPD ayenera kuyikidwa mbali zonse ziwiri za DC ndi AC za makina a PV.

Zipangizo zomwe zili mkati mwa makina a PV zomwe zingafunike chitetezo ndi izi:

Ma inverter, kuphatikizapo ma interfaces a makina otsika a AC ndi makina a DC, ma PV arrays, mawaya amkati a makina a PV, zigawo zomwe zayikidwa pakati pa ma inverter ndi ma PV arrays, monga mabokosi ophatikiza; zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ndi kuwongolera makina a PV.

Malinga ndi IEC 61643-12 ndi magawo oyenera a GB/T 21714, kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa ma SPD a makina a PV kumadalira zinthu zingapo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa nthaka (NG) [1/km²·chaka] kapena kuchuluka kwa masiku a mvula yamkuntho pachaka (T), makhalidwe a makina amphamvu otsika (monga zingwe zopita pamwamba kapena zingwe zapansi panthaka) ndi mtundu wa zida zomwe zikutetezedwa, kaya makina akunja oteteza magetsi (LPS) aikidwa kuti ateteze makina a PV ku mphezi zachindunji.

Ngati pali LPS yakunja, zofunikira za SPD zimakhudzidwa ndi mulingo woteteza (Gulu) la LPS komanso ngati mtunda wofunikira wolekanitsa (S) pakati pa LPS ndi dongosolo la PV ukusungidwa (wosiyana ndi LPS yosasiyana).

2. Mphamvu ya Makonzedwe Osiyanasiyana a LPS akunja pa Chitetezo cha Mphezi cha Machitidwe a PV

Kukhazikitsa kwa SPD pamakina a PV padenga nthawi zambiri kumagawidwa m'magulu atatu, kutengera kupezeka ndi mtundu wa LPS yakunja:

(1) Makina a PV Opanda LPS Yakunja

Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzichi (sichikuphatikizidwa pano), ngati nyumbayo ilibe njira yotetezera mphezi yakunja, ma SPD ayenera kuyikidwa kutengera zotsatira za kuwunika kwa zoopsa za mphezi. Ndikofunikira kuyika zida zotetezera ma surge mbali zonse ziwiri za AC ndi DC kuti muteteze zigawo zofunika za PV.

Pa mbali ya DC, mtundu wa DC SPD wa Type 2 (womwe umatchedwa DC1) uyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi bokosi la PV combiner kapena PV array (ngati palibe bokosi la combiner lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito). SPD iyi imateteza nyumbayo ku mafunde akunja omwe amadutsa kudzera mu zingwe za PV ndipo nthawi zambiri imayikidwa zingwe za PV zitangolowa mnyumbamo. Mtundu wina wa DC SPD wa Type 2 (womwe umatchedwa DC2) uyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi DC input ya inverter. Ngati kutalika kwa chingwe pakati pa DC1 ndi inverter kuli kochepera mamita 10, DC1 ikhoza kuchotsedwa.

Pa mbali ya AC, mtundu wa 2 AC SPD (womwe umatchedwa AC1) umalimbikitsidwa pa cholowera cha mains cha AC, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala pagawo lalikulu logawa. Chipangizochi chimateteza ku mafunde ochokera ku gridi yogwiritsira ntchito. Kaya AC1 ikufunika mu dongosolo lopanda chitetezo cha mphezi zakunja zimadalira zotsatira za kuwunika kwa chiopsezo cha mphezi. Kuti muteteze inverter yokwera mtengo, mtundu wa 2 AC SPD (womwe umatchedwa AC2) nthawi zambiri umayikidwa pafupi ndi AC output ya inverter. Ngati kutalika kwa chingwe pakati pa AC1 ndi AC2 kuli kochepera mamita 10, AC2 ikhoza kuchotsedwa. Chonde onani tebulo losinthira kuti mupeze malangizo atsatanetsatane.

(2) Makina a PV okhala ndi LPS Yakunja Yomwe Imakwaniritsa Mtunda Wofunikira Wopatukana (LPS Yopatukana)

Monga momwe chithunzichi chikusonyezera, nyumba ikakhala ndi njira yotetezera mphezi yakunja (monga ndodo zozimitsira mpweya kapena matepi) ndipo denga la PV litetezedwa ndi njira imeneyi ndipo mtunda wolekanitsidwa umasungidwa bwino, njira ya PV imaonedwa kuti ili ndi LPS yodzipatula. Ngakhale pankhaniyi, kukhazikitsa ma SPD ndikofunikirabe.

Pa makina omwe ali ndi LPS yodzipatula, kukhazikitsa kwa SPD kuli kofanana ndi makina opanda chitetezo chakunja cha mphezi. Mtundu wa 2 DC SPD uyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi bokosi lophatikiza, kapena pafupi ndi PV array ngati palibe bokosi lophatikiza lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtundu wina wa 2 DC SPD uyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi mbali ya DC ya inverter, ndi Mtundu wa 2 AC SPD pafupi ndi mbali ya AC ya inverter. Komabe, chifukwa makina a PV amalumikizana mkati ndi kunja kwa nyumbayo, Mtundu wa 1 AC SPD umafunikanso pa bolodi lalikulu logawa AC komwe mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito imalowa mnyumbamo. Onani tebulo losinthira kuti mupeze malangizo atsatanetsatane a kapangidwe kake.

(3) Makina a PV okhala ndi LPS Yakunja Osakwaniritsa Utali Wofunikira Wopatukana (LPS Yosapatukana)

Mu makina a PV a padenga pomwe mapanelo ali pafupi kwambiri ndi makina oteteza mphezi akunja (LPS) ndipo sangathe kukwaniritsa mtunda wofunikira wotetezeka, zigawo zonse zachitsulo za makina a PV ziyenera kulumikizidwa ku LPS kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphezi zikugwirizana bwino. Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito poteteza mphezi padenga. Mu dongosololi, zingwe zonse za AC ndi DC zimawonedwa ngati zoyendetsa zofanana mu makina olumikizira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zitha kukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya mphezi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake IEC imalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoteteza za Type 1 surge (SPDs)—nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi Type 2 SPDs—pamalo ofunikira mu makina: komwe zingwe za PV zimalowa mnyumbamo, komanso mbali zonse za AC ndi DC za zida zofunika monga inverter.

Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzichi, DC1 iyenera kuyikidwa pafupi momwe mungathere ndi bokosi lophatikiza, kapena pafupi ndi PV array ngati palibe bokosi lophatikiza. DC2 ndi AC2 ziyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi inverter kuti itetezeke bwino. Nthawi zambiri, AC1 (pagulu lalikulu) ndi AC2 (pafupi ndi inverter) zonse zimafunika. Koma ngati inverter yayikidwa mkati mwa gulu lalikulu ndipo imagawana nthaka yomweyo, yokhala ndi kutalika kwa chingwe kochepera kapena kofanana ndi mamita 0.5, ndiye kuti AC2 singakhale yofunikira. Mutha kuyang'ana tebulo kuti mupeze malangizo atsatanetsatane oyika.

1：DC1 ikhoza kuchotsedwa pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi: Ngati kutalika kwa chingwe pakati pa DC1 ndi inverter kuli kochepera mamita 10, ndipo mulingo woteteza magetsi (Kukwera) wa AC2 uli wochepera kapena wofanana ndi nthawi 0.8 kuposa momwe PV array's rated impulse imagonjetsera magetsi (Uw); kapena ngati Up ya AC2 ili yochepera kapena yofanana ndi nthawi 0.5 Uw ndi PE (protective earth) conductor imayendetsedwa pafupi ndi zingwe za DC.

2：AC2 ikhoza kuchotsedwa pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi: Ngati kutalika kwa chingwe pakati pa AC1 ndi AC2 kuli kochepera mamita 10; kapena ngati inverter ndi bolodi lalikulu logawa zili ndi electrode yofanana yoyambira, ndipo zingwe zolumikizira za SPD sizitali kuposa mamita 0.5—mwachitsanzo, ngati inverter yayikidwa mkati mwa gulu lalikulu.

3：Malo ocheperako olumikizirana a ma grounding a SPD: Kwa ma SPD amtundu wa 2, powering grounding copper sayenera kupitirira 6 mm²; kwa ma SPD amtundu wa 1, sayenera kupitirira 16 mm².

Kusankha ma DC-side SPDs m'makina a PV padenga kumadalira kwambiri momwe nyumbayo imatetezedwera ku mphezi komanso momwe makinawo amalumikizirana. Malinga ndi tebulo la kasinthidwe ndi miyezo ya IEC, nthawi zonse payenera kukhala choteteza ma surge kumbali ya DC ya inverter. Koma ma SPD owonjezera pafupi ndi bokosi lophatikiza—kapena pafupi ndi ma PV panels ngati palibe bokosi lophatikiza—amafunikira kokha ngati chingwe pakati pa ma panels ndi inverter chili chotalika kuposa mamita 10.

Komabe, izi sizimachitika kulikonse. M'maiko ena—mwachitsanzo, ku Germany—malamulo ndi osiyana kwambiri. Kumeneko, chitetezo cha DC surge nthawi zonse chimayikidwa pafupi ndi ma PV panels, ndipo mumangofunika kuwonjezera chimodzi pafupi ndi inverter ngati chingwe chili pamtunda woposa mamita 10.