Ⅰ. Kodi ndi chiyani a kukwera chipangizo choteteza (SPDs)?

 

Chipangizo choteteza mafunde (SPD) ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza zida zamagetsi ku mafunde osakhalitsa, monga omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mphezi, kusinthasintha kwa ma gridi amagetsi, kapena kukwera kwa mafunde chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zida. Chimatsimikizira kuti zida zamagetsi zimagwira ntchito bwino, chimawonjezera nthawi ya moyo wa zida, komanso chimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa mafunde mwa kuchepetsa mafunde osakhalitsa ndikusandutsa mafunde amagetsi pansi.

 

Zoteteza ma surge zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakina amagetsi, ma network olumikizirana, makina odziyimira pawokha m'mafakitale, zida zapakhomo ndi zina, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo chamagetsi.

 

1.1 Mfundo Yogwira Ntchito ya Mtetezi Woteteza

 

Ntchito yaikulu ya choteteza mafunde ndi kuzindikira ndikuletsa kupitirira kwa mphamvu yamagetsi. Mfundo yake yogwirira ntchito imadalira kwambiri njira zotsatirazi.

 

1.1.1 Kukanikiza kwa voliyumu

Pamene magetsi mu dera apitirira malire omwe akhazikitsidwa, zinthu zomwe sizili mzere mkati mwa choteteza ma surge (monga varistors, machubu otulutsa mpweya kapena ma diode osinthasintha) zimayenda mwachangu, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya magetsi mkati mwa malo otetezeka.

 

1.1.2 Mphamvu Kutulutsa

Choteteza mafunde chimayendetsa mphamvu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi overvoltage kudzera mu dongosolo loyikira pansi kupita ku dziko lapansi, ndikuziletsa kulowa mu zida zotetezedwa.

 

1.1.3 Zodziwikiratu kuchira

Zoteteza zina za surge zimatha kubwerera kuntchito yachibadwa pambuyo pa surge, pomwe zina zimafuna kusinthidwa ndi manja kapena kubwezeretsedwanso.

 

1.2 Momwe ku sankhani choteteza kugwedezeka

Posankha choteteza ma surge choyenera, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

 

1.2.1 Voteji mulingo 

Voliyumu yovomerezeka ya choteteza ma surge iyenera kufanana ndi voliyumu ya makina otetezedwa, monga makina a 220V AC kapena makina a 48V DC.

 

1.2.2 Zamakono mphamvu (Mu/Iimp)

 

Izi zikusonyeza mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya surge current yomwe surge protector ingathe kupirira, nthawi zambiri imayesedwa mu kA (thousand amperes), ndipo ma SPD okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya current ayenera kusankhidwa m'malo omwe mphezi zimagunda pafupipafupi.

 

1.2.3 Yankho nthawi

  

Nthawi yoyankha ikakhala yochepa, chitetezo chimakhala chabwino. Ma SPD okhala ndi nthawi yoyankha ya nanosecond-level ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zolondola.

 

1.2.4 Chitetezo mawonekedwe

 

Sankhani njira yotetezera ya gawo limodzi, magawo atatu kapena yophatikizana (monga LN, L-PE, N-PE, ndi zina zotero) malinga ndi zofunikira za dongosolo.

 

1.2.5 Kukhazikitsa malo

  

Malinga ndi muyezo wa IEC 61643, zoteteza ma surge zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: Mtundu 1 (khomo lolowera nyumba), Mtundu 2 (bokosi logawa), ndi Mtundu 3 (kumapeto kwa zida).

 

1.2.6 Chitsimikizo miyezo

 

Sankhani zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga UL 1449, IEC 61643) kuti zitsimikizire kuti zili zotetezeka komanso zodalirika.

 

1.3 Bwanji ku ikani choteteza ku mafunde

 

Kukhazikitsa koyenera ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti chitetezo cha surge chigwire ntchito bwino:

 

1.3.1 Kukhazikitsa malo:

 

- Mtundu 1 wa SPD uyenera kuyikidwa mu gawo lalikulu logawa magetsi kapena pamzere wolowera wa nyumbayo kuti uteteze ku mphezi zachindunji kapena mphezi yoyambitsidwa ndi magetsi.

- Mtundu wachiwiri wa SPD wayikidwa mu gulu lachiwiri logawa kuti upereke chitetezo chachiwiri.

- Mtundu wachitatu wa SPD umayikidwa pafupi ndi zida zodziwikiratu monga ma seva ndi zida zolumikizirana.

 

1.3.2 Njira yolumikizira mawaya:

 

Gwiritsani ntchito mawaya afupiafupi komanso okhuthala polumikiza kuti muchepetse kupinga.

Onetsetsani kuti kukana kwa nthaka kukukwaniritsa muyezo (nthawi zambiri ≤ 10Ω).

 

1.3.3 Kulumikizana kofanana ndi kotsatizana:

 

- Ma SPD ambiri amayikidwa motsatizana, zomwe sizimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino a dera.

- Ma SPD ena apadera (monga mtundu wosefera) akhoza kuyikidwa motsatizana.

 

1.3.4 Kukonza ndi kusintha:

 

- Yang'anani nthawi zonse momwe SPD ilili. Ma SPD ena ali ndi chizindikiro cha moyo (mwachitsanzo, zenera lofiira limasonyeza kulephera).

- Ngakhale mawonekedwe ake atakhala abwino pambuyo pa kugundana kambirimbiri, ayenera kusinthidwa.

 

Ⅱ. DC/AC choteteza kugwedezeka

 

2.1 DC Kuwonjezeka Mtetezi

 

2.1.1 Lingaliro la Mtetezi wa DC Surge

 

Choteteza Kuthamanga kwa DC (DC SPD) chapangidwira makamaka makina amphamvu a DC ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza zida zamagetsi za DC monga makina a solar photovoltaic, malo ochapira magalimoto amagetsi, malo olumikizirana, ndi malo osungira deta ku kuwonongeka kwa mafunde. Popeza magetsi a DC alibe kusintha kwa nthawi ndi nthawi, kapangidwe ka chitetezo cha mafunde a DC kayenera kuganizira za mafunde osalekeza ndi zinthu za polarity.

 

2.1.2 Kugwira ntchito Mfundo ya Mtetezi wa DC Surge

 

• Kapangidwe kogwirizana ndi polarity: Polarity ya voltage ya DC system ndi yokhazikika. SPD iyenera kuonetsetsa kuti ikugwira ntchito bwino pokhapokha ngati ma poles abwino ndi oipa alumikizidwa bwino.

• Mphamvu yamagetsi yopirira mosalekeza: Mosiyana ndi AC SPD, DC SPD imafunika kupirira magetsi okhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kusokonekera.

• Ukadaulo wapadera wozimitsa arc: Magetsi a DC alibe malo achilengedwe odutsira arc, ndipo arc ndi yovuta kuzimitsa. Chifukwa chake, DC SPD iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chapadera chozimitsa arc (monga kuzima arc pogwiritsa ntchito maginito).

 

2.1.3 Ntchito ya DC Surge Protector

 

- Tetezani mapanelo a dzuwa a photovoltaic, ma inverter ndi makina osungira mphamvu ku mphezi ndi ma switching surges.

- Onetsetsani kuti malo ochajira magalimoto amagetsi akugwira ntchito bwino, kuti magetsi amphamvu asawononge makina oyendetsera mabatire.

- Kutsimikizira chitetezo cha magetsi a DC pa malo olumikizirana ndi malo osungira deta, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha nthawi yogwira ntchito kwa zida.

 

2.2 AC Kuwonjezeka Mtetezi

 

2.2.1 Lingaliro ya AC Surge Protector

 

Choteteza Kuthamanga kwa AC (AC SPD) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza makina amphamvu a AC (monga nyumba, mafakitale, nyumba zamalonda, ndi zina zotero) ku kuwonongeka kwa mafunde. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa magetsi a AC nthawi ndi nthawi, kapangidwe ka SPD kayenera kusintha malinga ndi ma frequency (50Hz/60Hz) ndi kusintha kwa magawo.

 

2.2.2 Kugwira ntchito Mfundo ya Chitetezo cha AC Surge

 

• Kusintha kwa Gawo: AC SPD iyenera kukhala yokhoza kutseka bwino magetsi nthawi zonse.

• Yankho Lachangu: Ma AC frequency ndi okwera, kotero nthawi yoyankhira ya SPD iyenera kukhala yochepa kwambiri (nanosecond level).

• Kubwezeretsa Mwachangu: Ma AC SPD ena amatha kuchira okha pambuyo pa chochitika cha surge ndipo safuna kuthandizidwa ndi manja.

 

2.3 Momwe mungachitire Molondola Sankhani Choteteza Kuthamanga kwa DC kapena AC

 

• Tchulani mtundu wa makina: Choyamba dziwani ngati ndi makina a DC kapena AC.

• Unikani chiopsezo cha kukwera kwa mphezi: M'malo omwe mphezi zimagunda pafupipafupi, sankhani mulingo wotetezeka kwambiri (monga kuphatikiza Mtundu 1 ndi Mtundu 2).

• Zofunikira pa zida zofananira: Kuti mupeze zida zamagetsi zolondola, sankhani ma SPD omwe amayankha mwachangu.

• Funsani akatswiri: Pa makina ovuta (monga magetsi osakanikirana), ndi bwino kukhala ndi injiniya wopanga mapulani otetezera.

Ⅲ. Mapeto

Zipangizo zoteteza ma surge ndi zida zofunika kwambiri poonetsetsa kuti makina amphamvu ali otetezeka. Kaya mu DC kapena AC, kusankha SPD yoyenera ndikuyiyika molondola kungachepetse kwambiri chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zida. Ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zatsopano, magalimoto amagetsi, ndi ma gridi anzeru, kufunikira kwa zoteteza ma surge current current kukuwonjezeka, pomwe zoteteza ma surge AC zikupitilirabe kukhala maziko a magetsi a mafakitale ndi apakhomo. Kudzera mu kusankha kwasayansi ndi kukhazikitsa kokhazikika, zoteteza ma surge zidzakhala "zoteteza" zodalirika pamakina amagetsi.