Chiyambi

Pankhani ya kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, makina opanga mphamvu za photovoltaic (dzuwa), chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo oyera, osinthika, komanso okhazikika, akukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri mu gawo latsopano la mphamvu. Komabe, panthawi yogwira ntchito, makina opanga mphamvu za photovoltaic amakumana ndi ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi monga kugunda kwa mphezi, kusinthasintha kwa gridi, ndi kutulutsa kwamagetsi, zomwe zingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zida, kuzimitsa makina, komanso zotsatirapo zoopsa monga moto. Zoteteza mphamvu za surge (Surge Protective Device, SPD) monga gawo lalikulu la chitetezo chamagetsi m'makina a photovoltaic zimatha kuletsa bwino ma overvoltage osakhalitsa ndi ma surge currents, kuonetsetsa kuti makinawo akugwira ntchito bwino. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama udindo wofunikira, mfundo zaukadaulo, njira zosankhira, ndi momwe msika wa ma surge protectors m'makina a photovoltaic umayendera, kuti zithandize akatswiri amakampani kumvetsetsa bwino kufunika kwawo.

Ⅰ. Ziwopsezo Zamagetsi Zomwe Zimayang'anizana ndi Machitidwe a Photovoltaic ndi Kufunika kwa Chitetezo cha Surge

1.1 Makhalidwe a malo amagetsi a dongosolo la photovoltaic

Makina a photovoltaic nthawi zambiri amaikidwa panja ndipo amakumana ndi malo ovuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziopsezedwa ndi ziwopsezo zotsatirazi zamagetsi.

1.1.1 Kugunda kwa Mphezi

Kugunda kwa mphezi mwachindunji kapena kugunda kwa mphezi koyambitsidwa kungapangitse ma overvoltage okwera kwambiri mu photovoltaic arrays, inverters, ndi machitidwe ogawa mphamvu.

1.1.2 Kusintha kwa Overvoltage

Kusintha kwa gridi, kusintha kwa katundu, kapena kuyimitsa kwa inverter kungayambitse kupitirira kwa mphamvu yamagetsi.

1.1.3 Kutulutsa kwa Magetsi (ESD)

Mu malo ouma, kusonkhana kwa zinthu mosasunthika kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo zamagetsi.

1.1.4 Kusintha kwa Gridi

Kukwera kwadzidzidzi kwa magetsi, kutsika, kapena kusokoneza kwa harmonic kungakhudze kukhazikika kwa dongosolo.

1.2 Zoopsa Choyambitsa by Mafunde a Kupita ku Machitidwe a Photovoltaic

Ngati njira zodzitetezera ku mafunde sizitengedwa, makina a photovoltaic angakumane ndi mavuto awa:

- Kuwonongeka kwa zida: Zipangizo zamagetsi zolondola monga ma inverter, owongolera, ndi makina owunikira ali pachiwopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa magetsi ndipo akhoza kusokonekera.

- Kuchepa kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi: Kusokoneza magetsi pafupipafupi kungayambitse kuzimitsa kwa makina, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amapangidwa.

- Zoopsa zachitetezo: Mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo ingayambitse moto wamagetsi, zomwe zingabweretse mavuto pa miyoyo ya anthu komanso katundu.

1.3 Chigawo Chachikulu Ntchito a Oteteza Odwala

Choteteza mafunde chimatha kutulutsa mphamvu ya mafunde mwachangu ndikuchepetsa mafunde ochulukirapo, kuonetsetsa kuti zigawo zonse za dongosolo la photovoltaic zimagwira ntchito mkati mwa mafunde otetezeka. Ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira cha kudalirika ndi moyo wa dongosolo la photovoltaic.

Ⅱ. Kugwira ntchito Kugawa Mfundo ndi Ukadaulo wa Oteteza Odwala

2.1 Zoyambira Kugwira ntchito Mfundo Yoteteza Odwala

Ntchito yaikulu ya SPD ndi kuzindikira kupitirira muyeso mkati mwa nthawi ya nanosecond ndikuteteza dongosolo kudzera m'njira zotsatirazi.

• Kutseka mphamvu zamagetsi: Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga varistors (MOV) ndi machubu otulutsa mpweya (GDT) kuti muchepetse mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi kufika pamlingo wotetezeka.

• Kutaya mphamvu: Kusintha mphamvu yamagetsi kupita pansi kuti isalowe mu zipangizo.

• Kubwezeretsa zokha: Ma SPD ena amatha kubwerera okha momwe amagwirira ntchito pambuyo poti ayamba kuvulala.

2.2 Zaukadaulo Mbali za Oteteza Opaleshoni Apadera a Machitidwe a Photovoltaic

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a makina a photovoltaic, SPD ya makinawa iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:

- Kukana kwamphamvu kwa magetsi: Mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC ya photovoltaic array imatha kufika pa 1000V, ndipo SPD iyenera kufananizidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yapamwamba.

- Mphamvu yayikulu yamagetsi: Yokhoza kupirira mphamvu zambiri panthawi ya mphezi kapena ma circuit afupiafupi.

- Voltage yotsala yochepa: Imaonetsetsa kuti zida zotetezedwa sizikhudzidwa ndi voltage yambiri.

- Kukana nyengo: Kumasintha ku nyengo zovuta monga kutentha kwambiri ndi kotsika, komanso kuwala kwa ultraviolet.

2.3 Kugawa a Oteteza Odwala

Malinga ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi ntchito yake, photovoltaic SPD ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa:

• DC side SPD: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa photovoltaic module ndi inverter, kuteteza ku DC side surges.

• AC side SPD: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa inverter, kuteteza ku mafunde ochokera kumbali ya gridi.

• Signal SPD: Imagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza mphezi pakupeza deta ndi mizere yolumikizirana.

Ⅲ. Kusankha ndi Malangizo Okhazikitsa Zoteteza za Kuphulika kwa Photovoltaic

3.1 Kiyi Magawo Zosankha

• Voliyumu yogwira ntchito yopitilira (Uc): Iyenera kukhala yokwera kuposa voliyumu yogwira ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri ya dongosolo.

• Mphamvu yotulutsa mpweya (In): Imawonetsa mphamvu ya SPD yolekerera mafunde. Nthawi zambiri, mtengo woposa 20kA umalimbikitsidwa.

• Mlingo woteteza mphamvu yamagetsi (Kukwera): Mphamvu yotsala yamagetsi ikatsika, chitetezo chimakhala chabwino kwambiri.

• Mtundu woteteza IP: Pakuyika panja, imafunika kufika pa IP65 kapena kupitirira apo.

3.2 Kukhazikitsa Mafotokozedwe

- Kukhazikitsa mbali ya DC: Ili pafupi ndi photovoltaic array ndi inverter kuti muchepetse kukwera kwa inductive line.

- Zofunikira pa nthaka: Onetsetsani kuti nthaka yakhazikika bwino kuti isamawonongeke kwambiri.

- Chitetezo chobisika: Gwiritsani ntchito ma SPD angapo (monga Gulu I + Gulu II) kuti mupeze chitetezo chokwanira.

Ⅳ.Padziko lonse lapansi Dzuwa Zochitika Zamsika Zoteteza Kukwera

4.1 Kuyendetsa Galimoto Zinthu Kukula kwa Kufunika kwa Msika

- Mphamvu yokhazikika ya mphamvu ya photovoltaic ikupitirira kukwera (akuyembekezeka kuti mphamvu yokhazikika yapadziko lonse ya mphamvu ya photovoltaic idzapitirira 3000 GW pofika chaka cha 2030).

- Malamulo achitetezo chamagetsi a mayiko osiyanasiyana akukhwima (monga miyezo monga IEC 61643 ndi UL 1449).

- Chidwi cha eni ake pa kudalirika ndi nthawi ya dongosololi chawonjezeka.

4.2 Zatsopano Malangizo mu Ukadaulo

- SPD Yanzeru: Ntchito yowunikira yolumikizidwa, yokhoza kuzindikira alamu yakutali komanso kuzindikira zolakwika.

- Kapangidwe ka modular: Kumathandizira kukonza ndi kusintha.

- Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwakukulu: Kutha kupirira nyengo yoipa kwambiri.

Ⅴ. Mapeto

Zoteteza mafunde ndi chitsimikizo chachikulu cha magwiridwe antchito otetezeka komanso okhazikika a makina a photovoltaic. Kusankha kwawo, kukhazikitsa, ndi kukonza kumakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito opanga magetsi komanso moyo wa makinawo. Ndi chitukuko chachangu cha makampani opanga ma photovoltaic, ma SPD ogwira ntchito bwino komanso anzeru adzakhala otchuka pamsika. Mabizinesi ayenera kulimbitsa kafukufuku waukadaulo ndi chitukuko ndikupereka zinthu zapamwamba zomwe zimagwirizana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi kuti zikwaniritse kufunikira kwakukulu kwa chitetezo chamagetsi pamsika wapadziko lonse wa photovoltaic.