Chiyambi

Mu machitidwe amakono amagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi, ma surge protectors (SPDs) ndi ma inverter, monga zigawo ziwiri zofunika, kugwira ntchito kwawo mogwirizana ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti dongosolo lonse likugwira ntchito bwino komanso mokhazikika. Ndi chitukuko champhamvu chowonjezereka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ziwirizi kwakhala kofala kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mfundo zogwirira ntchito, njira zosankhira, njira zokhazikitsira ma SPD ndi ma inverter, komanso momwe angagwirizanitsidwire bwino kuti apereke chitetezo chokwanira ku machitidwe amagetsi.

 

 

Mutu 1: Kusanthula Kwathunthu kwa Oteteza Odwala

 

1.1 Kodi chitetezo cha surge ndi chiyani?

 

Chipangizo choteteza mafunde (SPD) mwachidule, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti choletsa mafunde kapena choteteza mafunde amphamvu, ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chimapereka chitetezo chachitetezo pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, zida, ndi mizere yolumikizirana. Chimatha kulumikiza dera lotetezedwa ku dongosolo la equipotential munthawi yochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu pa doko lililonse la chipangizocho ikhale yofanana, ndikutulutsa nthawi yomweyo mphamvu ya mafunde yomwe imapangidwa mu dera chifukwa cha mphezi kapena kusinthana kwa magetsi kupita pansi, motero kuteteza zida zamagetsi ku kuwonongeka.

 

Zoteteza ma surge zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga kulumikizana, mphamvu, kuunikira, kuyang'anira, ndi kuwongolera mafakitale, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo wamakono woteteza mphezi. Malinga ndi miyezo ya International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), zoteteza ma surge zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: Mtundu Woyamba (woteteza mphezi mwachindunji), Mtundu Wachiwiri (woteteza makina ogawa), ndi Mtundu Wachitatu (woteteza zida zama terminal).

 

1.2 Mfundo Yogwira Ntchito ya Mtetezi Woteteza

 

Mfundo yaikulu yogwirira ntchito ya chitetezo cha surge imachokera ku makhalidwe a zigawo zosakhala za mzere (monga varistors, machubu otulutsa mpweya, ma diode oletsa mphamvu ya transient voltage, ndi zina zotero). Pansi pa voltage yachibadwa, zimakhala ndi impedance state yapamwamba ndipo sizikhudza kwambiri ntchito ya circuit. Pamene surge voltage ichitika, zigawozi zimatha kusintha kukhala impedance state yotsika mkati mwa nanoseconds, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya overvoltage ipite pansi motero kuchepetsa voltage kudutsa zida zotetezedwa kupita pamalo otetezeka.

Njira yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito ingagawidwe m'magawo anayi:

 

1.2.1 Gawo loyang'anira

 

SPD conImayang'anira kusinthasintha kwa magetsi mu dera. Imakhalabe mu mkhalidwe wa kuponderezedwa kwakukulu mkati mwa voteji yachibadwa, popanda kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino a dongosolo.

 

1.2.2 Gawo loyankhira

 

Pamene magetsi apezeka kuti apitirira malire omwe akhazikitsidwa (monga 385V ya dongosolo la 220V), chinthu choteteza chimayankha mwachangu mkati mwa nanoseconds.

 

1.2.3 Kutulutsa siteji

Chotetezacho chimasinthira ku mkhalidwe wotsika wa impedance, ndikupanga njira yotulutsira madzi kuti itsogolere mphamvu yochulukirapo pansi, pomwe ikukanikiza magetsi pazida zotetezedwazo kufika pamlingo wotetezeka.

 

1.2.4 Gawo lochira:

Pambuyo pa kukwera kwa mphamvu, gawo loteteza limabwerera lokha ku mkhalidwe wopinga kwambiri, ndipo dongosololi limayambiranso kugwira ntchito bwino. Kwa mitundu yosachira yokha, kusintha kwa module kungakhale kofunikira.

 

1.3 Momwe ku sankhani choteteza kugwedezeka

 

Kusankha chotetezera cha surge choyenera kumafuna kuganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti zitsimikizire zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za chitetezo ndi phindu lachuma.

 

1.3.1 Sankhani mtundu kutengera mawonekedwe a dongosolo

 

- Makina ogawa mphamvu a TT, TN kapena IT amafuna mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya SPD

- Ma SPD a machitidwe a AC ndi machitidwe a DC (monga machitidwe a photovoltaic) sangasakanizidwe

- Kusiyana pakati pa machitidwe a gawo limodzi ndi magawo atatu

 

1.3.2 Kiyi Kufananiza kwa Ma Parameter

 

- Volti yogwira ntchito yopitilira (Uc) iyenera kukhala yokwera kuposa voti yopitilira yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe makina angakumane nayo (nthawi zambiri imakhala yowirikiza 1.15-1.5 kuposa voti yovomerezeka ya makinawo)

- Mulingo woteteza magetsi (Kukwera) uyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa mphamvu yopirira ya zida zotetezedwa

- Mphamvu yotulutsa madzi (In) ndi mphamvu yotulutsa madzi (Imax) ziyenera kusankhidwa kutengera malo oyikamo ndi mphamvu yoyembekezeredwa ya kukwera kwa madzi.

- Nthawi yoyankhira iyenera kukhala yachangu mokwanira (nthawi zambiri

 

1.3.3 Kukhazikitsa kuganizira za malo

 

- Malo olowera magetsi ayenera kukhala ndi SPD ya Gulu Loyamba kapena Lachiwiri

- Gawo logawa likhoza kukhala ndi SPD ya Gulu Lachiwiri

- Mbali yakutsogolo ya zida iyenera kutetezedwa ndi chitetezo chaching'ono cha Class III SPD

 

1.3.4 Zapadera Zofunikira pa Zachilengedwe

 

- Pakuyika panja, ganizirani za kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi fumbi (IP65 kapena kupitirira apo)

- Mu malo otentha kwambiri, sankhani ma SPD omwe ndi oyenera kutentha kwambiri

- Mu malo osungira zinthu zowononga, sankhani malo osungira zinthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoteteza ku dzimbiri

 

1.3.5 Chitsimikizo Miyezo

 

- Kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga IEC 61643 ndi UL 1449

- Yovomerezedwa ndi CE, TUV, ndi zina zotero.

- Pa makina a photovoltaic, ayenera kutsatira muyezo wa IEC 61643-31

 

1.4 Momwe mungachitire kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha mafunde

 

Kukhazikitsa bwino ndiye chinsinsi chotsimikizira kuti zoteteza ma surge zikugwira ntchito bwino. Nayi kalozera waukadaulo wokhazikitsa

 

1.4.1 Kukhazikitsa Malo Kusankha

 

- Cholowera magetsi cha SPD chiyenera kuyikidwa mu bokosi lalikulu logawa, pafupi ndi mapeto a mzere wolowera momwe zingathere.

- Bokosi lachiwiri logawa SPD liyenera kuyikidwa pambuyo pa switch.

- SPD yakutsogolo kwa zida iyenera kuyikidwa pafupi momwe zingathere ndi zida zotetezedwa (tikulimbikitsa kuti mtunda ukhale wochepera mamita 5).

 

1.4.2 Kulumikiza mawaya Mafotokozedwe

 

- Njira yolumikizira ya "V" (Kelvin connection) ingachepetse mphamvu ya lead inductance.

- Mawaya olumikizira ayenera kukhala afupiafupi komanso owongoka momwe angathere (

- Malo olumikizirana a mawaya ayenera kutsatira miyezo (nthawi zambiri osapitirira 4mm² waya wamkuwa).

- Waya wothira pansi ayenera kusankha waya wachikasu-wobiriwira wamitundu iwiri, wokhala ndi malo opingasa osachepera waya wa gawo.

 

1.4.3 Kukhazikitsa pansi Zofunikira

 

- Malo oyambira pansi a SPD ayenera kulumikizidwa bwino ku basi yoyambira pansi ya system.

- Kukana kwa nthaka kuyenera kutsatira zofunikira za dongosolo (nthawi zambiri

- Pewani kukhala ndi mawaya aatali kwambiri okhazikika pansi, chifukwa izi zidzawonjezera kuletsa kwa nthaka.

 

1.4.4 Kukhazikitsa Masitepe

 

1) Dulani magetsi ndikutsimikizira kuti palibe magetsi

2) Sungani malo oyikamo mu bokosi logawa malinga ndi kukula kwa SPD

3) Konzani maziko a SPD kapena njanji yowongolera

4) Lumikizani waya wa gawo, waya wosalowerera ndi waya wothira pansi malinga ndi chithunzi cha waya

5) Chongani ngati maulumikizidwe onse ali otetezeka

6) Yatsani kuti muyesedwe, yang'anani magetsi owonetsa momwe zinthu zilili

 

1.4.5 Kukhazikitsa Kusamalitsa

 

- Musayike SPD musanayambe fuse kapena circuit breaker.

- Mtunda wokwanira (kutalika kwa chingwe > mamita 10) uyenera kusungidwa pakati pa ma SPD angapo kapena chipangizo cholumikizira chiyenera kuwonjezedwa.

- Pambuyo poyika, chipangizo choteteza mphamvu yamagetsi (monga fuse kapena circuit breaker) chiyenera kuyikidwa kutsogolo kwa SPD.

- Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse (kamodzi pachaka) ndi kukonza ziyenera kuchitika. Kuyang'anira kolimba kuyenera kuchitika nyengo ya mvula isanayambe komanso itatha.

 

Chaputala 2: Mu-kusanthula mozama kwa ma inverters

 

2.1 Kodi inverter ndi chiyani?

 

Chosinthira magetsi ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chimasintha mphamvu yolunjika (DC) kukhala mphamvu yosinthira magetsi (AC). Ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'makina amakono amagetsi. Chifukwa cha kukula kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, kugwiritsa ntchito ma inverters kwafalikira kwambiri, makamaka m'makina opanga mphamvu ya photovoltaic, makina opanga mphamvu ya mphepo, makina osungira mphamvu, ndi makina opangira magetsi osasinthika (UPS).

 

 

Ma inverter amatha kugawidwa m'magulu a ma square wave inverters, ma modified sine wave inverters ndi ma pure sine wave inverters kutengera mawonekedwe awo a output wave; amathanso kugawidwa m'magulu a inverters olumikizidwa ndi grid, ma off-grid inverters ndi ma hybrid inverters kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito; ndipo amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ma string inverters ndi ma centralized inverters kutengera mphamvu zawo.

 

2.2 Kugwira ntchito Mfundo ya Inverter

 

Mfundo yaikulu yogwirira ntchito ya inverter ndikusintha mphamvu yolunjika kukhala mphamvu yosinthira kudzera mu zochita zosinthira mwachangu za zida zosinthira za semiconductor (monga IGBT ndi MOSFET). Njira yoyambira yogwirira ntchito ndi iyi:

 

2.2.1 Kulowetsa kwa DC Gawo

 

Mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC (monga mapanelo a photovoltaic, mabatire) imapereka mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC ku inverter.

 

2.2.2 Kukweza Gawo (Zosankha)

 

Voliyumu yolowera imakwezedwa kufika pamlingo woyenera kugwiritsa ntchito inverter kudzera mu DC-DC boost circuit.

 

2.2.3 Kusintha Gawo

 

Ma switch owongolera amayatsidwa ndikuzimitsidwa motsatizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti current yolunjika ikhale pulsating direct current. Kenako izi zimasefedwa ndi filter circuit kuti apange mawonekedwe a waveform osinthana.

 

2.2.4 Zotsatira Gawo

 

Pambuyo podutsa mu kusefa kwa LC, zotsatira zake zidzakhala magetsi osinthika oyenerera (monga 220V/50Hz kapena 110V/60Hz).

 

Kwa ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi, imaphatikizanso ntchito zapamwamba monga kulamulira kulumikizana kwa gridi yolumikizana, kutsatira mphamvu yayikulu (MPPT), ndi chitetezo cha islanding effect. Ma inverter amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) kuti akonze mawonekedwe a mafunde ndi magwiridwe antchito.

 

2.3 Momwe mungachitire sankhani chosinthira magetsi

 

Kusankha inverter yoyenera kumafuna kuganizira zinthu zingapo:

 

2.3.1 Sankhani mtundu zochokera pa nkhani yogwiritsira ntchito

 

- Pa makina olumikizidwa ndi gridi, sankhani ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi

- Pa makina opanda gridi, sankhani ma inverter opanda gridi

- Pa makina osakanizidwa, sankhani ma inverter osakanizidwa

 

2.3.2 Mphamvu Kufananiza

 

- Mphamvu yovomerezeka iyenera kukhala yokwera pang'ono kuposa mphamvu yonse yonyamula katundu (malire ofunikira a nthawi 1.2 - 1.5)

- Ganizirani mphamvu yochulukira nthawi yomweyo (monga mphamvu yoyambira ya mota)

 

2.3.3 Zolowera khalidwe kufanana

 

- Mphamvu yamagetsi yolowera iyenera kuphimba mphamvu yamagetsi yotuluka yamagetsi.

- Pa makina a photovoltaic, kuchuluka kwa njira za MPPT ndi mphamvu yolowera ziyenera kufanana ndi magawo a gawo.

 

2.3.4 Zotuluka Makhalidwe Zofunikira

 

- Voltage yotulutsa ndi ma frequency ake zimagwirizana ndi miyezo yakomweko (monga 220V/50Hz)

- Ubwino wa mawonekedwe a waveform (makamaka inverter ya sine wave yoyera)

- Kugwira ntchito bwino (ma inverter apamwamba kwambiri ali ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya > 95%)

 

2.3.5 Chitetezo Ntchito

 

- Chitetezo choyambira monga overvoltage, undervoltage, overload, short circuit, ndi overheating

- Pa ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi, chitetezo cha zotsatira za islanding chikufunika

- Chitetezo choletsa jakisoni wobwerera m'mbuyo (cha machitidwe osakanikirana)

 

2.3.6 Zachilengedwe Kusinthasintha

 

- Kutentha kwa Ntchito

- Chitetezo cha mtundu (IP65 kapena kupitirira apo chikufunika pakukhazikitsa panja)

- Kusinthasintha kwa Kutalika

 

2.3.7 Chitsimikizo Zofunikira

 

- Ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi ayenera kukhala ndi ziphaso zolumikizira gridi yapafupi (monga CQC ku China, VDE-AR-N 4105 ku EU, ndi zina zotero)

- Zikalata zachitetezo (monga UL, IEC, ndi zina zotero)

 

2.4 Momwe mungachitire kukhazikitsa chosinthira magetsi

 

Kukhazikitsa koyenera kwa inverter ndikofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwake komanso moyo wake wonse:

 

2.4.1 Kukhazikitsa Malo Kusankha

 

- Yopatsa mpweya wabwino, kupewa kuwala kwa dzuwa mwachindunji

- Kutentha kozungulira kuyambira -25℃ mpaka +60℃ (onani tsatanetsatane wa malonda)

- Youma komanso yoyera, kupewa fumbi ndi mpweya wowononga

- Malo abwino ogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza

- Pafupi ndi paketi ya batri momwe mungathere (kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa mzere)

 

2.4.2 Makina Kukhazikitsa

 

- Ikani pogwiritsa ntchito zomangira pakhoma kapena mabulaketi kuti muwonetsetse kuti zinthu zili bwino

- Sungani pamalo oyimirira kuti kutentha kusamathe bwino

- Sungani malo okwanira mozungulira (nthawi zambiri opitirira 50cm pamwamba ndi pansi, ndi opitirira 30cm kumanzere ndi kumanja)

 

2.4.3 Zamagetsi Maulalo

 

- Kulumikizana kwa Mbali ya DC:

- Tsimikizani polarity yolondola (ma terminal abwino ndi oipa sayenera kusinthidwa)

- Gwiritsani ntchito zingwe zoyenera (nthawi zambiri 4-35mm²)

- Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa chotsegula magetsi cha DC pa positive terminal

 

- Kulumikizana kwa Mbali ya AC:

- Lumikizani molingana ndi L/N/PE

- Mafotokozedwe a chingwe ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zilipo panopa

- Chotsekera ma AC chiyenera kuyikidwa

 

- Kulumikizana kwa Pansi:

- Onetsetsani kuti nthaka ndi yodalirika (kukana nthaka

- Chipinda cha waya woyambira chiyenera kukhala chocheperako kuposa chipinda cha waya woyambira

 

2.4.4 Dongosolo Kapangidwe

 

- Ma inverter olumikizidwa ndi gridi ayenera kukhala ndi zida zotetezera gridi zogwirizana.

- Ma inverter opanda gridi ayenera kukonzedwa ndi mabatire oyenera.

- Khazikitsani magawo olondola a dongosolo (voltage, frequency, etc.)

 

2.4.5 Kukhazikitsa Kusamalitsa

 

- Onetsetsani kuti magwero onse amagetsi atsekedwa musanayike

- Pewani kuyendetsa mizere ya DC ndi AC moyandikana

- Siyanitsani zingwe zolumikizirana ndi zingwe zamagetsi

- Chitani kafukufuku wokwanira mutatha kuyika musanayatse kuti muyesedwe

 

2.4.6 Kukonza zolakwika ndi Kuyesa

 

- Yesani kukana kutentha musanayatse

- Yatsani pang'onopang'ono magetsi ndikuwona momwe ntchito ikuyendera

- Yesani ngati ntchito zosiyanasiyana zoteteza zikugwira ntchito bwino

- Yesani mphamvu yotulutsa, mafupipafupi, ndi magawo ena

 

Chaputala 3: Mgwirizano pakati pa SPD ndi Inverter

 

3.1 Chifukwa chiyani a Kodi inverter ikufuna chitetezo cha surge?

 

Monga chipangizo chamagetsi chamagetsi, inverter imakhala yolimba kwambiri pakusintha kwa magetsi ndipo imafuna chitetezo chogwirizana cha chitetezo cha surge. Zifukwa zazikulu za izi ndi izi:

 

3.1.1 Wapamwamba Kuzindikira ya Inverter

 

Inverter ili ndi zida zambiri zolondola za semiconductor ndi ma circuits owongolera. Zigawozi sizilekerera kwambiri overvoltage ndipo zimatha kuwonongeka mosavuta chifukwa cha ma surges.

 

3.1.2 Dongosolo Kutseguka

Mizere ya DC ndi AC mu dongosolo la photovoltaic nthawi zambiri imakhala yayitali kwambiri ndipo imaonekera pang'ono panja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwidwa ndi mafunde obwera chifukwa cha mphezi.

 

3.1.3 Zachiwiri Zoopsa

Chosinthira magetsi sichimangokumana ndi ziwopsezo za surge kuchokera kumbali ya gridi yamagetsi, komanso chingakumanenso ndi surge impacts kuchokera kumbali ya photovoltaic array.

 

3.1.4 Zachuma Kutayika

Ma inverter nthawi zambiri amakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zodula kwambiri mu dongosolo la photovoltaic. Kuwonongeka kwawo kungayambitse kufooka kwa dongosolo komanso ndalama zambiri zokonzera.

 

3.1.5 Chitetezo Chiwopsezo

Kuwonongeka kwa inverter kungayambitse ngozi zina monga kugwedezeka kwa magetsi ndi moto.

 

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mu makina a photovoltaic, pafupifupi 35% ya kulephera kwa inverter kumakhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwa magetsi kwambiri, ndipo zambiri mwa izi zitha kupewedwa kudzera mu njira zoyenera zotetezera ma surge.

 

3.2 Njira Yogwirizanitsa Dongosolo la Mtetezi Woteteza ndi Wosinthira Mphamvu

 

Ndondomeko yonse yotetezera mafunde amagetsi ya photovoltaic system iyenera kukhala ndi magawo angapo a chitetezo:

 

3.2.1 DC Mbali Chitetezo

 

- Ikani DC SPD yapadera makamaka ya makina a photovoltaic mkati mwa bokosi la DC combiner la photovoltaic array.

- Ikani DC SPD yachiwiri kumapeto kwa inverter ya DC.

- Tetezani ma module a photovoltaic ndi gawo la DC/DC la inverter.

 

3.2.2 Kulankhulana-chitetezo cha mbali

 

- Ikani AC SPD ya mlingo woyamba kumapeto kwa AC output ya inverter

- Ikani AC SPD yachiwiri pamalo olumikizira gridi kapena kabati yogawa

- Tetezani gawo la DC/AC la inverter ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi gridi yamagetsi

 

3.2.3 Chizindikiro Chizunguliro Chitetezo

 

- Ikani ma SPD a chizindikiro pa mizere yolumikizirana monga RS485 ndi Ethernet

- Tetezani mabwalo owongolera ndi machitidwe owunikira

 

3.2.4 Ofanana Kuthekera Kulumikizana

 

- Onetsetsani kuti malo onse olumikizira pansi a SPD alumikizidwa bwino ku malo olumikizira pansi pa makina

- Chepetsani kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa makina okhazikitsa nthaka

 

3.3 Yogwirizana kuganizira kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa

 

Pogwiritsa ntchito zoteteza ma surge ndi ma inverter pamodzi, kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa kuyenera kuganizira zinthu zotsatirazi:

 

3.3.1 Kufananiza kwa Voltage

 

- Mtengo wa Uc wa DC-side SPD uyenera kukhala wapamwamba kuposa mphamvu yayikulu yotseguka ya photovoltaic array (poganizira kutentha koyenera)

- Mtengo wa Uc wa AC-side SPD uyenera kukhala wapamwamba kuposa mphamvu yayikulu yogwira ntchito yopitilira ya gridi yamagetsi

- Mtengo wa Up wa SPD uyenera kukhala wotsika kuposa mtengo wa mphamvu yokhazikika ya doko lililonse la inverter

 

3.3.2 Kuchuluka kwa Mphamvu Pakali pano

 

- Sankhani In ndi Imax ya SPD kutengera mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikuyembekezeka pamalo oyika.

- Pa mbali ya DC ya dongosolo la photovoltaic, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito SPD yokhala ndi osachepera 20kA (8/20μs).

- Pa mbali ya AC, sankhani SPD yokhala ndi 20-50kA kutengera malo.

 

3.3.3 Kugwirizana ndi Mgwirizano

 

- Payenera kukhala kufananiza mphamvu koyenera (kutalika kapena kulekanitsa) pakati pa ma SPD angapo.

- Onetsetsani kuti ma SPD omwe ali pafupi ndi inverter samakhala ndi mphamvu yonse ya surge yokha.

- Ma values ​​a Up a mulingo uliwonse wa SPD ayenera kupanga gradient (nthawi zambiri, mulingo wapamwamba umakhala 20% kapena kuposerapo kuposa mulingo wotsika).

 

3.3.4 Zapadera Zofunikira

 

- Photovoltaic DC SPD iyenera kukhala ndi chitetezo cholumikizira kumbuyo.

- Ganizirani za chitetezo cha ma surge a mbali ziwiri (ma surge angayambitsidwe kuchokera mbali zonse ziwiri za gridi ndi mbali ya photovoltaic).

- Sankhani ma SPD okhala ndi mphamvu zotentha kwambiri kuti mugwiritse ntchito m'malo otentha kwambiri.

 

3.3.5 Kukhazikitsa Malangizo

 

- SPD iyenera kuyikidwa pafupi momwe zingathere ndi doko lotetezedwa (inverter DC/AC terminals)

- Zingwe zolumikizira ziyenera kukhala zazifupi komanso zowongoka momwe zingathere kuti zichepetse kufalikira kwa lead

- Onetsetsani kuti dongosolo lokhazikitsa pansi lili ndi impedance yochepa

- Pewani kupanga kuzungulira pakati pa SPD ndi inverter

 

3.4 Kukonza ndi kuthetsa mavuto

 

Malo okonzera dongosolo logwirizana la zoteteza ma surge ndi ma inverter:

 

3.4.1 Wamba kuwunika

 

- Yang'anani chizindikiro cha SPD m'maso mwezi uliwonse.

- Yang'anani kulimba kwa kulumikizana kwa kotala lililonse.

- Yesani kukana kwa nthaka chaka chilichonse.

- Yang'anani nthawi yomweyo mphezi ikangogunda.

 

3.4.2 Zofala kusaka zolakwika

 

- Kugwira ntchito pafupipafupi kwa SPD: Yang'anani ngati magetsi a dongosolo ali okhazikika komanso ngati chitsanzo cha SPD chili choyenera.

- Kulephera kwa SPD: Yang'anani ngati chipangizo choteteza chakutsogolo chikugwirizana ndi chipangizocho komanso ngati mphamvu ya chipangizocho ikupitirira mphamvu ya SPD.

- Inverter ikadali yoonongeka: Yang'anani ngati malo oyika SPD ndi oyenera komanso ngati kulumikizana kuli kolondola.

- Alamu yabodza: ​​Yang'anani kugwirizana pakati pa SPD ndi inverter komanso ngati maziko ali bwino.

 

3.4.3 Kulowa m'malo Miyezo

 

- Chizindikiro cha momwe zinthu zilili chikuwonetsa kulephera

- Maonekedwe ake akuwonetsa kuwonongeka koonekeratu (monga kupsa, ming'alu, ndi zina zotero)

- Kukumana ndi zochitika zokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wovomerezeka

- Kufikira nthawi yomwe wopanga amalangiza kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito (nthawi zambiri zaka 8-10)

 

3.4.4 Dongosolo Kukonza bwino

 

- Sinthani kasinthidwe ka SPD kutengera zomwe zachitika pa ntchito

- Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano (monga kuwunika kwanzeru kwa SPD)

- Wonjezerani chitetezo moyenerera panthawi yokulitsa makina

 

Chaputala 4: Tsogolo Zochitika Zachitukuko

 

Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa Internet of Things, ma SPD anzeru adzakhala chizolowezi:

 

4.1 Kukwera kwanzeru chitetezo ukadaulo

Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa Internet of Things, ma SPD anzeru adzakhala chizolowezi:

- Kuwunika nthawi yeniyeni momwe SPD ilili ndi moyo wotsala

- Kulemba kuchuluka ndi mphamvu ya zochitika za kukwera kwamphamvu

- Alamu yakutali ndi matenda

- Kuphatikizana ndi machitidwe owunikira ma inverter

 

4.2 Zapamwamba magwiridwe antchito zipangizo zotetezera

 

Mitundu yatsopano ya zida zodzitetezera ikupangidwa:

- Zipangizo zoteteza zolimba zomwe zimakhala ndi nthawi yofulumira yoyankha

- Zipangizo zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatha kuyamwa mphamvu zambiri

- Zipangizo zodzitetezera zokha

- Ma modules ophatikiza zoteteza zingapo monga overvoltage, overcurrent, ndi chitetezo cha kutentha kwambiri

 

4.3 Dongosolo-mlingo njira yotetezera mogwirizana

 

Njira yamtsogolo yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko ndikusintha kuchoka pa chitetezo cha chipangizo chimodzi kupita ku chitetezo chogwirizana cha dongosolo:

- Mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa SPD ndi chitetezo chomangidwa mkati mwa inverter

- Njira zodzitetezera zomwe zasinthidwa malinga ndi mawonekedwe a dongosolo

- Njira zodzitetezera zokhazikika poganizira momwe gridi imagwirira ntchito

- Chitetezo cholosera zinthu pamodzi ndi ma algorithms a AI

 

Mapeto

 

Kugwira ntchito mogwirizana kwa zoteteza ma surge ndi ma inverter ndi chitsimikizo chofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa machitidwe amagetsi amakono. Kudzera mu kusankha kwasayansi, kukhazikitsa kokhazikika, komanso kuphatikiza kwathunthu kwa makina, chiopsezo cha ma surge chingachepe kwambiri, nthawi yogwira ntchito ya zida imatha kutalikitsidwa, ndipo kudalirika kwa makinawo kungakulitsidwe. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo, mgwirizano pakati pa awiriwa udzakhala wanzeru komanso wogwira ntchito bwino, kupereka chithandizo champhamvu choteteza pakupanga mphamvu zoyera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zamagetsi.

 

Kwa opanga makina ndi ogwira ntchito yokonza/kukonza, kumvetsetsa bwino mfundo zogwirira ntchito za ma surge protectors ndi ma inverters, komanso mfundo zazikulu zogwirizanitsa, zithandiza kupanga njira zabwino kwambiri komanso kupanga phindu lalikulu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Masiku ano pomwe mphamvu ikusinthasintha komanso magetsi akuchulukirachulukira, kuganiza kogwirizana kumeneku koteteza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira kwambiri.